On the night of May 10, 1941, Rudolf Hess, the Deputy Führer of Nazi Germany, climbed alone into a Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter plane and flew to Scotland on an unauthorized mission to negotiate peace with Britain. He parachuted near Eaglesham, was captured within hours, and would never be a free man again. His wife, Ilse, learned what had happened in Munich that same evening, and within 48 hours, Berlin had publicly denounced him as mentally ill and stripped him of his position. Left alone with their three-year-old son, Wolf Rüdiger, nicknamed Buzz, Ilse faced the collapse of everything the regime had once promised her family.
The Hess name no longer offered protection. Ilse packed what she could and moved with the boy to the family’s country house at Bad Oberdorf, a spa village in the Allgäu Alps. The move was partly practical, as Munich was exposed to Allied bombing, and partly political, since the regime had disowned her husband. She lived quietly there for the remainder of the war while Rudolf was held in British custody, seeing him only through photographs.
When Germany surrendered in May 1945, Hess was transferred to Nuremberg to stand trial before the International Military Tribunal. On October 1, 1946, the tribunal convicted Hess on counts of crimes against peace and conspiracy. Twelve of his co-defendants received death sentences. Hess was sentenced to life imprisonment.
On July 18, 1947, he was transferred with six other convicted men to Spandau Prison in West Berlin, administered jointly by the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Ilse’s own situation had already collapsed. On June 3, 1947, she was arrested with all the wives of the Nuremberg defendants and sent to the internment camp at Augsburg-Göggingen. Wolf Rüdiger, now nine, was sent to live with an aunt.
The boy whose godfather had been Adolf Hitler was now the son of a Nuremberg prisoner, growing up in a country that wanted to forget both his father and him. A denazification tribunal classified Ilse as a follower under group three, a category for those deemed sympathetic to Nazi ideology but not actively criminal. She was released on March 24, 1948 and reunited with her son. The man at the center of their lives was behind four-power walls, and he made it clear he did not want them to visit.
Hess refused visits deliberately, telling his family that Spandau’s conditions were not fit for his wife to see. For 28 years, he held to that position, using the four sheets of paper allowed for correspondence but turning down every opportunity to see his family in person. Ilse made the best of what she had. In 1952, she published a book of her correspondence with her husband through Druffel Verlag, a far-right publisher that specialized in the literature of former Nazis and their sympathizers.
The book presented Hess as a loving husband wrongly imprisoned for a peace mission. An English edition, titled Prisoner of Peace, was published in 1954. In 1955, Ilse opened a pension in Gelenberg, a small district of Bad Hindelang in the Allgäu. She ran the guesthouse for years, receiving guests who ranged from ordinary holiday makers to far-right sympathizers.
Among her long-term correspondents was Winifred Wagner, the former Bayreuth Festival director who had been a close friend of Hitler and never renounced that loyalty. Wolf Rüdiger grew up against this backdrop. He enrolled at the Technical University of Munich in the mid-1950s and qualified as an architect in 1961. He built a private practice and started a family with his wife Andrea, trying to keep his professional work separate from his father’s name.
That line would not hold. On October 1, 1966, Albert Speer and Baldur von Schirach were released from Spandau after completing their 20-year sentences. Rudolf Hess was left alone. The 600-cell prison continued to operate for its single inmate at an annual cost of 800,000 Deutschmarks.
For 46 years, Hess would sit in Allied custody. His wife and son spent those years trying to get him out. In 1967, Wolf Rüdiger began a formal public campaign for his father’s release. He gave interviews to the Western press, lobbied politicians, and argued that a 73-year-old man in solitary confinement had served his sentence several times over.
Ilse filed an application with the European Commission of Human Rights. The British, French, and American governments gave signs of sympathy. The Soviet Union blocked every proposal. Spandau’s existence in the Western sector of Berlin gave Moscow a political foothold in the city, and they were not giving it up for one aging prisoner.
In December 1969, Hess was admitted to the British Military Hospital in West Berlin with a perforated ulcer. He was 75 years old, in severe pain, and for the first time since May 1941, he agreed to let his family come. Ilse, now 69, walked into the hospital room with Wolf Rüdiger, who was 32. The father he remembered was a photograph.
The man in the bed was 28 years older than the one who had climbed into the Messerschmitt at Augsburg. After he recovered, Hess permitted regular visits for the first time. The routine was strict. Family members were allowed 30 minutes per month, separated from the prisoner by a chest-high partition.
No physical contact was permitted. A guard stood throughout, and topics were monitored. What should have been a reunion after decades was a conversation across a wooden barrier under four-power supervision. Andrea Hess, Wolf Rüdiger’s wife, became a welcome addition to the visiting roster.
She brought photographs and small films of the couple’s three children, which Hess studied closely. The grandchildren themselves were not permitted to visit together, as the cell block allowed too few visitors at once. Wolf Rüdiger turned the campaign into a second profession. He gave press conferences in Munich, wrote to heads of state, and used every anniversary to press for his father’s release.
In 1974, as Hess’s 80th birthday approached, US President Richard Nixon expressed private support for release on humanitarian grounds. British Foreign Office files declassified in 2007 showed that London had supported release for years. Every attempt ran into the same wall. The Soviet Union refused, and because Spandau was administered by all four powers, one veto was enough.
On April 26, 1984, Hess celebrated his 90th birthday inside Spandau. Wolf Rüdiger visited for an hour and told reporters his father was in good humor and had declared he would aim for 100. Fifty well-wishers gathered outside the red brick walls with flowers. West German and Allied diplomats discussed release again.
Moscow said no again. On August 17, 1987, Hess was found dead in a summer house that had been set up in the prison garden as a reading room. He was 93 years old. An electrical extension cable had been strung over a window latch, and a short note addressed to his family was found in his pocket, thanking them for all they had done.
He was pronounced dead at the British Military Hospital at 4:10 p. m. Spandau’s only prisoner was gone, and his family had one last fight left. Within days of the death, Wolf Rüdiger rejected the official account.
He and family lawyer Alfred Seidl, who had defended Hess at Nuremberg, argued that a 93-year-old man too frail to tie his own shoes could not have hanged himself with an extension cable. On August 21, 1987, Seidl arranged a second autopsy at the Forensic Medicine Institute at the University of Munich. Professor Wolfgang Spann, head of the institute, conducted the examination. His report found injuries consistent with strangulation rather than the partial hanging described by the British pathologist, though Spann himself stopped short of saying a third party had been involved.
The Four Powers Authority ruled the death a suicide on September 17, 1987. Spandau Prison was demolished within weeks, the rubble crushed and scattered in the North Sea specifically to prevent the site from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine. Hess was initially buried at an undisclosed location. On March 17, 1988, his body was reinterred at the family plot at the Lutheran Cemetery in Wunsiedel, where his parents had owned a holiday home.
The gravestone carried the family motto, “Ich hab’s gewagt” — “I have dared. ”
Wolf Rüdiger spent the rest of his life arguing that his father had been murdered by British intelligence. He wrote three books advancing the theory and headed the Rudolf Hess Gesellschaft, a memorial society that operated at the edge of Germany’s organized far right. He rejected the neo-Nazi label for himself, but its annual gatherings drew exactly the audience his books were written for.
In 2007, six years after his death, declassified British files showed the opposite of everything he had campaigned on. London had been pushing for Hess’s release for years. The Soviets had blocked it. The murder plot he had spent four decades constructing had no documentary foundation at all.
Ilse Hess died in Munich on September 7, 1995 at the age of 95. She was buried beside her husband at Wunsiedel. Wolf Rüdiger died of a stroke in a Munich hospital on October 24, 2001, aged 63, survived by Andrea and their three children. By then, the Wunsiedel grave had become Germany’s most visited neo-Nazi pilgrimage site, drawing thousands of marchers each August on the anniversary of Hess’s death.
In 2005, the Bundestag amended the incitement law specifically to ban the annual marches. The Wunsiedel parish council refused to renew the grave’s lease when it expired in 2011. After a legal challenge by Hess’s granddaughter, the family eventually agreed. On July 20, 2011, the grave was opened at dawn.
The remains were cremated and the ashes scattered at sea by family members. The gravestone was destroyed. In 2019, DNA testing by researchers at the University of Salzburg confirmed with 99. 99 percent certainty that the Spandau prisoner had been Rudolf Hess.
The body double theory, the one conspiracy his son never wrote a book about, had been closed by science as well.