The Italian Mob POISONED Bumpy’s Food — His Bodyguard Ate It First and THIS Happened

The Italian Mob POISONED Bumpy's Food — His Bodyguard Ate It First and THIS Happened

On the evening of March 12, 1954, Raymond "Quick" Lewis arrived at Small's Paradise 30 minutes early, as he always did. The nickname was not about speed. It was about preparation. He was always thinking ahead, always anticipating, always protecting.

Lewis had been Bumpy Johnson's bodyguard for eight years. He had never failed, never hesitated, and never questioned an order. His job was simple: keep Bumpy alive at any cost.

That night, Lewis checked the restaurant thoroughly. He inspected every entrance, every exit, every window. He studied the waiters, the cooks, and the customers, knowing anyone could be a threat. Then he took his position three feet behind Bumpy's usual table, close enough to protect and far enough to give privacy.

At 8:14 p.m., Bumpy arrived with his wife and sat down. Lewis stood behind him, silent and watchful. A waiter approached, and Lewis's instincts fired immediately.

He asked the manager who the man was. The manager said the waiter's name was Tommy Marciano and that he had started the week before with good references. When Lewis asked where he was from, the manager answered: the Bronx.

Lewis's jaw tightened. The Bronx was Vito Genevese's territory. He told the manager to keep an eye on the waiter, and the manager nodded and walked away.

Tommy brought menus and smiled. He greeted Bumpy and his wife and asked what he could get them. Bumpy did not look up. He ordered the usual: steak, rare, with mashed potatoes and green beans. His wife ordered the same.

Tommy walked to the kitchen. Lewis watched him. Something felt wrong. Bumpy asked quietly what was wrong. Lewis said he did not know yet, just that he had a feeling. Bumpy told him his feelings were usually right.

Twenty minutes later, Tommy returned with two plates of steak, potatoes, and beans. He set them down. Bumpy reached for his fork, but Lewis's hand shot out and stopped him.

Bumpy protested, but Lewis insisted on checking the food first. It was his job. He took Bumpy's plate, cut a piece of steak, and ate it as standard protocol. Lewis had been Bumpy's food taster for eight years. He ate before Bumpy ate and drank before Bumpy drank. That was how you stayed alive.

The steak tasted normal. Lewis thought maybe he was being paranoid. He took another bite to be sure. Then his throat started burning. It was not severe at first, just odd. Bumpy's wife asked if he was okay. Lewis nodded, but then the pain hit like fire, starting in his stomach and spreading fast.

Lewis stumbled and grabbed the table. His face went pale. Bumpy jumped up and caught him as he collapsed, convulsing and foaming at the mouth. His eyes rolled back. Someone screamed for an ambulance.

Bumpy held Lewis, trying to stop the convulsions, but Lewis was seizing violently. Bumpy called him by his nickname and begged him to stay. Lewis's eyes found Bumpy's. He tried to speak but could not. Blood came from his mouth, his nose, and his ears.

Poison. The realization hit Bumpy like a bullet. Someone had poisoned the food. Lewis had taken the bite meant for him. He had saved Bumpy's life.

The ambulance arrived in four minutes. Paramedics rushed in and began working on Lewis. They asked what he had eaten and when. They loaded him onto a stretcher. Bumpy tried to follow, and when a paramedic told him only family could ride along, Bumpy said he was his family. He climbed into the ambulance and held Lewis's hand.

The ambulance raced to Harlem Hospital. Lewis's vitals were crashing. His blood pressure was dropping, his heart rate was erratic, and his breathing was shallow. A paramedic shouted that he was going into shock and ordered an IV and fluids. They worked frantically, but Lewis was dying, and everyone knew it.

At 8:42 p.m., Dr. Morris Chen met them at the emergency room. He asked what had happened and what kind of poison was involved. Bumpy did not know. Dr. Chen was told about the seizures, the bleeding from Lewis's orifices, and the organ failure. His face went grim. He identified the poison as arsenic mixed with cyanide.

When Dr. Chen learned the poison had been ingested 25 minutes earlier, he said there was not much time. They rushed Lewis to treatment, pumped his stomach, gave him activated charcoal and antidotes, but the poison had already spread into his bloodstream, his organs, and his brain. His body was shutting down.

Bumpy stood outside the treatment room, watching through the window as his friend died. His wife arrived and ran to him, asking if Lewis was still alive. Bumpy said barely. He blamed himself, but his wife told him the poison had been meant for him, which made it her fault too. Bumpy said if Lewis died, it was his fault.

Junie and Willie arrived after hearing what had happened and rushed over. They asked who had done it. Bumpy's voice was ice: Genevese. He explained that Lewis had checked the waiter, Tommy Marciano, who was from the Bronx, Genevese territory. This was an assassination attempt.

Junie's fists clenched. He wanted to move on Genevese immediately. Bumpy said not yet. Lewis was still alive, and Bumpy was not leaving until he knew whether he would make it. When Junie asked what would happen if he did not, Bumpy said Genevese would die slowly.

At 9:30 p.m., Dr. Chen came out. Lewis was alive but barely. The poison had damaged his liver, kidneys, and heart. They were doing everything they could. Dr. Chen warned that even if Lewis survived the night, the damage might be permanent. He might never wake up, or if he did, he might not be the same.

Bumpy asked to see him. Dr. Chen nodded and gave him five minutes. Bumpy entered the room. Lewis lay in the hospital bed with tubes everywhere and machines beeping. His face was gray and lifeless, but his chest was still moving, barely.

Bumpy sat beside him and took his hand. He told Lewis he needed him to fight. He said Lewis had been with him for eight years, protected him, and saved him more times than he could count. That night, Lewis had saved him again. Bumpy told him he could not lose him. He was not just his bodyguard. He was his brother. He begged him to fight.

Lewis's hand twitched slightly, and Bumpy felt it. He urged him on.

At 10 p.m., Maria Lewis arrived. Raymond's wife was eight months pregnant. She ran into the hospital crying, asking where her husband was. Bumpy's wife intercepted her and held her, telling her she needed to calm down for the baby. Maria said she did not care about the baby. She wanted her husband.

She was told he was in treatment room four. Maria ran, burst through the door, saw Raymond, and collapsed. Bumpy caught her and helped her to a chair. He told her Raymond was still alive. She asked for how long. He did not know.

Maria asked what had happened. Bumpy told her someone had poisoned his food, and Raymond had eaten it first. He had saved him. Maria looked at Bumpy with tears streaming down her face and said he was doing his job. His job was going to kill him.

Bumpy apologized. Maria said sorry would not bring him back. Bumpy said he knew and that he would fix it and make them pay. Maria screamed that it would not help her or her son. She put her hand on her pregnant belly and said the baby was supposed to meet his father and grow up with him. Then she could not finish. She just sobbed.

Bumpy knelt beside her. He promised that if Raymond did not make it, he would take care of her, her son, and the baby. They would never want for anything. Maria said she did not want his money. She wanted her husband. Bumpy said he knew and that he would do everything he could to give him back to her.

At 11:47 p.m., Dr. Chen came in and said Lewis was stabilizing. His vitals were improving. His heart rate was up, and his blood pressure was rising. He was fighting. Bumpy asked if he could talk to him. Dr. Chen said he was unconscious but might be able to hear him.

Bumpy approached the bed and told Lewis he was doing good. He told him to keep fighting because they needed him. Maria needed him. His kids needed him. He told him not to dare give up.

Raymond's eyes fluttered and opened slightly. He whispered Bumpy's name. Bumpy said he was there. Raymond asked if the food had been meant for him. Bumpy said yes. Raymond said, "Good. Then I did my job."

Bumpy told him he had saved his life. Raymond said that was what he was there for. Bumpy told him he was more than that. He was family. Raymond smiled weakly and said, "Then treat me like family." Bumpy asked how. Raymond said, "Get the bastard who did this."

Bumpy promised. Raymond closed his eyes and rested. But he was alive.

At 2 a.m. on March 13, 1954, Bumpy left the hospital. Junie and Willie were waiting. Bumpy said it was time to move. They asked where to start. Bumpy said to find the waiter, Tommy Marciano.

They found Tommy at a boarding house in the Bronx, dragged him out of bed, and brought him to a warehouse in Harlem. Tommy was terrified and tied to a chair. Bumpy walked in, calm, quiet, and terrifying.

Bumpy told Tommy he had poisoned his food. Tommy denied knowing what he was talking about. Bumpy told him not to lie. His friend was dying because of him. Tommy said he was just doing what he was told.

Bumpy asked who told him. Tommy hesitated. Bumpy pulled out his razor and opened it slowly. He asked one more time. Tommy said Vito Genevese. He said Genevese had paid him $10,000 to poison Bumpy. Genevese had given him the poison and told him to put it in his steak, saying it was tasteless and odorless and that Bumpy would be dead in an hour.

Tommy said he did not know Bumpy's man would taste it first. Nobody had told him. Bumpy told him that meant it was his fault Lewis was dying. Tommy started crying and said he was sorry. He needed the money for his family.

Bumpy reminded him that Raymond had a family: a pregnant wife, a 5-year-old son, and now they might lose him because Tommy needed money. Tommy begged to do anything. Bumpy told him he would testify against Genevese. He would tell everyone what Genevese did, that he ordered the hit, and then Bumpy would decide if he lived or died.

At 6 a.m., Bumpy returned to the hospital. Dr. Chen met him and said Lewis was worse. The poison had damaged his kidneys, and they were failing. They were trying dialysis, but it was not enough. Bumpy asked about his chances. Dr. Chen said honestly, 20 percent. Even if he survived, he would need a kidney transplant, maybe a liver. His life would never be the same.

Bumpy sat down and put his head in his hands. He said it was his fault. Dr. Chen said no, it was Genevese's fault. Bumpy said maybe, but Quick had taken that bullet for him.

At 8 a.m., Raymond woke up and asked for Bumpy. Bumpy rushed to his bedside. Raymond's voice was weak. He said he felt like he was dying. Bumpy told him he was not dying and that they would get him through it.

Raymond said he needed to say something. Bumpy told him to save his strength. Raymond insisted he needed to say it while he still could. Bumpy sat down and listened.

Raymond said he had been Bumpy's bodyguard for eight years. It was the best job he ever had. Bumpy had treated him like family, not an employee. The night before, when he tasted the food, he knew something was wrong, but he ate it anyway.

Bumpy asked why. Raymond said, "Because that's what family does. We protect each other at any cost." Bumpy told him he did not have to. Raymond said he did. If he had not, Maria would be a widow. Little Raymond would grow up without a father. The new baby would never meet him. But if he took the poison, maybe Bumpy would survive. Maybe he would take care of his family. Maybe his sacrifice would mean something.

Raymond started coughing blood. Dr. Chen rushed in and told him he needed to rest. Raymond grabbed Bumpy's hand and asked him to promise something. Bumpy said anything. Raymond asked him to take care of Maria and the kids and make sure they were okay. Bumpy promised.

Then Raymond said, "And Bumpy, kill the bastard who did this." Bumpy said he would. Raymond smiled and said, "Then I can die in peace." Bumpy told him he was not dying. Raymond said, "Yes, I am. And that's okay because I did my job. I protected my family."

Raymond closed his eyes. The monitors started beeping erratically. Dr. Chen checked them and said, "We're losing him." Bumpy grabbed Raymond's hand and begged him to stay and not give up. But Raymond was fading, his breathing shallow and his pulse weak.

Maria burst into the room and ran to the bed, holding him. She begged him not to leave her. Raymond's eyes opened one last time. He looked at Maria and said, "Love you always." Then he looked at Bumpy, nodded once, and died.

At 4:23 a.m. on March 13, 1954, Raymond "Quick" Lewis, age 32, died from poison meant for Bumpy Johnson. Maria collapsed on his body, screaming, crying, and begging him to wake up, but he was gone.

Bumpy stood there frozen. His best friend, his brother, his protector, was dead because of him. His wife held him and whispered that it was not his fault. Bumpy said it was. She said no, it was Genevese's fault, and he was going to make him pay. Bumpy looked at Raymond's body, at Maria sobbing, and at the machines that had stopped beeping. He said quietly, "Yes. I am."

At 5 a.m. on March 13, 1954, Bumpy Johnson walked out of Harlem Hospital. Junie and Willie were waiting by the car. Bumpy told them Raymond was dead. The words hung in the air like smoke. Junie's face went hard. Willie's fists clenched. They asked when they would move. Bumpy said now.

They drove to Bumpy's house. Inside, 40 men were waiting: every soldier, every enforcer, every person who owed Bumpy loyalty. Bumpy stood in front of them. His eyes were red, but his voice was steady.

He told them Raymond Lewis had died that morning. He had been poisoned. The poison was meant for Bumpy. Raymond took it to protect him. He did his job and paid the ultimate price.

Bumpy said Vito Genevese had ordered it. He had given the poison to a waiter named Tommy Marciano and told him to put it in Bumpy's food. Raymond ate it first, saved Bumpy's life, and lost his own. Murmurs of anger moved through the room.

Bumpy laid out the plan. They were going to war. Not a small war or a territorial dispute, but a war of annihilation. Genevese would die. Everyone who helped him would die. Everyone who knew about it and said nothing would die. They would burn his empire to the ground, and they would do it in 48 hours.

The room erupted. Men shouted, checked weapons, and made plans. Bumpy raised his hand, and silence fell. He said one more thing. Raymond's funeral was tomorrow. They were going to give him the biggest funeral Harlem had ever seen. Every person in the room would be there in their best suits, showing respect, because Raymond was not just his bodyguard. He was family, and family gets honored.

Everyone nodded. Bumpy dismissed them. The men filed out and started preparing. Junie stayed behind and asked how Bumpy wanted to handle Genevese. Bumpy said he wanted him alive, alive for now. He wanted him to see what was coming and feel it. Then he would kill him himself.

Junie asked about Frank Costello. Bumpy said, "What about him?" Junie said Costello would try to negotiate. Bumpy said to let him try. This was not negotiable. Raymond was dead. Genevese dies. End of discussion.

At 10 a.m., the first strike began. Bumpy's men hit six Genevese operations simultaneously. A gambling house in the Bronx was raided, cash was taken, and three enforcers were hospitalized. A loan shark office in Queens was burned to the ground and its records destroyed. A drug warehouse in Brooklyn was hit, its inventory stolen and two guards killed. A speakeasy in Manhattan was shut down and its owner beaten. A protection racket in Harlem ended, with collectors chased out. And Genevese's favorite restaurant, where he ate lunch every day, was bombed. Nobody was inside, but the message was clear: we are coming.

By noon, Genevese had received all the reports. His consigliere was panicking. They had lost $300,000 in one morning, and it was not stopping. Bumpy Johnson had men everywhere. Genevese thought, then made a call. He told his man to get him Frank Costello.

At 2 p.m., Frank Costello arrived at Genevese's social club and sat across from him. He asked Genevese what he had done. Genevese said he had to. Costello said he had tried to kill Bumpy Johnson and killed his bodyguard instead: Raymond Lewis, a father and a husband. He had made it personal.

Genevese said it was already personal. Costello said no. Before this, it was business, territory, and money. But Genevese had killed a man's brother. Now it was blood.

Costello leaned forward and asked if Genevese understood what he had done. Bumpy Johnson had spent 30 years building respect and loyalty in Harlem, and Genevese had just given him a cause and a martyr. Raymond Lewis died protecting him. That made Raymond a hero, and heroes inspire wars.

Genevese said he could handle Bumpy Johnson. Costello said he could not. Genevese asked why not. Costello said because Bumpy was not coming after his money. He was coming after his life. Genevese said to let him try.

Costello stood up. He said he had come as a courtesy to warn him. Bumpy was not going to negotiate or settle. He was going to kill him. Costello said he was not going to stop him. Genevese asked why not. Costello said because Genevese had broken the rules. He had poisoned food. That was cowardly, and cowards did not get protection.

Costello walked out and left Genevese alone. For the first time in his life, Vito Genevese felt fear.

At 4 p.m., Bumpy visited Maria Lewis, Raymond's widow. She was at home with family around her, trying to comfort her, but she was inconsolable. Bumpy knocked. Maria's mother answered, saw Bumpy, and her face hardened. She told him Maria did not want to see him.

Bumpy said he understood but needed to. Maria's mother asked why, so he could apologize. She said apologizing would not bring her son-in-law back. Bumpy said he knew, but he had made Raymond a promise and needed to keep it. The mother hesitated, then let him in.

Maria was sitting in the living room holding Raymond's wedding photo. Five-year-old Raymond Jr. was beside her, confused. He asked when daddy was coming home. Maria could not answer. She just cried.

Bumpy knelt in front of her and said her name. She looked up, her eyes red and swollen, and said, "You killed him." Bumpy said no, Genevese killed him. Maria said it was the same thing. He died protecting Bumpy, which made it his fault. Bumpy said she was right. It was his fault, and he was going to spend the rest of his life making it right.

Maria asked how. Bumpy said by taking care of her and her kids and by making sure the man who did this paid. Maria's voice was venomous. She said paying was not enough. She wanted him dead. Bumpy said he would be dead by tomorrow night. She asked him to promise. He promised.

Bumpy pulled out an envelope and handed it to her. She asked what it was. He said $50,000. She called it blood money. He said it was not payment. It was support for her, for little Raymond, and for the baby. Raymond had made him promise to take care of them, so he was. Maria stared at the envelope and said it did not make it better. Bumpy said he knew, but it was a start. She took the envelope and spoke quietly: "Make him suffer." Bumpy said he would.

At 6 p.m., Bumpy's men found Tommy Marciano, the waiter who had poisoned the food, and brought him to Frank Costello. Costello questioned him and recorded everything, then called Bumpy. He told Bumpy he had his waiter and that he had confessed everything. Genevese had paid him, given him the poison, and told him exactly how to do it.

Bumpy said he needed Tommy to testify. Costello asked to whom. Bumpy said the commission. Costello said he was calling a meeting of all five families the next morning. Bumpy would present his case, and they would decide. Bumpy asked what they would decide. Costello said whether Genevese lived or died.

Bumpy said he had already decided Genevese dies. Costello warned him that if he killed Genevese without commission approval, he would start a war with all five families and lose. Even Bumpy could not beat all of them. Bumpy said, "Then they better approve it."

At 8 p.m., the commission meeting was set for the next day at 10 a.m. at a neutral location. All five bosses would attend: Frank Costello, Vito Genevese, Carlo Gambino, Tommy Lucchese, Joe Bonanno, and Bumpy Johnson.

Genevese tried to argue that he would not sit at a table with Bumpy. Costello cut him off and told him he would sit or he would die that night. Genevese sat.

At 9 a.m. on March 14, 1954, Raymond "Quick" Lewis's funeral was held. Abyssinian Baptist Church was packed with over 2,000 people. Raymond's casket was at the front, draped in flowers. Maria sat in the front row holding little Raymond's hand, eight months pregnant.

Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Jr. gave the eulogy. He said Raymond Lewis was a protector, not just of one man but of a community. He stood between danger and safety, between chaos and order. The day before, he had made the ultimate sacrifice. He gave his life so another could live. That was not just duty. That was love.

The congregation wept. Bumpy sat in the back. He could not bring himself to sit up front. He felt too guilty. His wife sat beside him, holding his hand. She whispered that it was not his fault. Bumpy said it was. Raymond died because of him. She said he died because of his choice to protect Bumpy. She told him to honor that choice and not let guilt destroy him. Bumpy said nothing. He just stared at the casket.

After the service, they carried Raymond to the cemetery and lowered him into the ground. Maria threw a flower on the casket, then collapsed. Bumpy caught her and helped her to a chair. She sobbed that she could not do this. Bumpy said she could. She asked how. He said because Raymond needed her to, for her kids. She was their mother and their protector now.

Maria looked at him and told him he better keep his promise. Make him pay. Bumpy said he would, today.

At 10 a.m., the commission meeting was held in a warehouse in Queens. Five Italian bosses, Bumpy Johnson, and Tommy Marciano in chains were present. Frank Costello spoke first. He said they were there because Vito Genevese had violated their rules. He had ordered a hit using poison. That was against their code.

Genevese stood up and said he had every right. Bumpy Johnson had been encroaching on his territory. Costello said, "So you poison his food like a coward." Genevese said he did what was necessary. Costello said he had killed an innocent man. Raymond Lewis was not the target. Genevese said exactly, he had killed the wrong man and now owed a blood debt. Costello asked to whom. Genevese said to Harlem.

Bumpy stood up. He said Raymond Lewis was his bodyguard, his friend, his brother. He had a wife who was eight months pregnant and a 5-year-old son. The day before, he had died eating poison meant for Bumpy, doing his job and protecting him.

Bumpy walked to Tommy. He said Tommy Marciano had confessed. Genevese had paid him $10,000, given him arsenic and cyanide, and told him exactly how to poison Bumpy. Tommy nodded and said it was true. He did it. Genevese paid him.

Genevese stood up and called it a setup. He said they had tortured Tommy and made him lie. Frank Costello pulled out a recording and played it. Tommy's voice was clear, unprompted, confessing everything. Genevese went pale.

The commission listened. Then Carlo Gambino spoke. He told Genevese he was a disgrace. He had used poison, killed an innocent man, and brought shame on all of them. That was not how they operated. Joe Bonanno agreed. If they allowed this, they were no better than animals. There had to be consequences.

Tommy Lucchese looked at Bumpy and asked what he wanted. Bumpy said justice. Lucchese asked him to define justice. Bumpy said Genevese's life for Raymond's. The room went quiet.

Frank Costello spoke carefully. He said if they approved this, it set a precedent. Any boss could be killed for violating the code. Bumpy said, "Good. That's exactly the precedent we need."

The five bosses looked at each other, then nodded one by one. Genevese's face went white. He said they could not do this. Costello said they just did. Genevese had 24 hours to get his affairs in order. Then Bumpy would decide how he died.

Genevese called it murder. Costello called it justice. Genevese tried to run. Bumpy's men blocked the door. Bumpy told him it was over. He had lost.

On March 14, 1954, Bumpy brought Genevese to the same warehouse where Raymond had been poisoned. He tied him to a chair. Genevese was crying now, begging. He said he would give Bumpy anything: money, territory, anything.

Bumpy said he could not give him what he wanted. Genevese asked what he wanted. Bumpy said he wanted his brother back. Since that was impossible, he would settle for Genevese's life. Genevese begged, saying he had a family. Bumpy reminded him that so did Raymond: a pregnant wife and a young son. He asked if Genevese had thought about them when he ordered the poison.

Genevese said it was business. Bumpy asked if he called murdering a father business. Genevese said he did not mean to kill Raymond. He meant to kill Bumpy. Bumpy said he had failed twice. First, he failed to kill Bumpy. Second, he failed to avoid consequences. Now he would pay.

Genevese asked how. Bumpy said the same way Raymond died: poison. He pulled out a vial of arsenic mixed with cyanide, the same dosage Genevese had given Tommy. He told Genevese he was going to drink it and die slowly and painfully, the way Raymond did.

Genevese begged no. Bumpy forced the vial to his lips and told him to drink. Genevese tried to resist, but Bumpy was stronger. He drank. The poison hit his system. Within seconds, he was convulsing, foaming at the mouth, bleeding, and dying. Bumpy watched with no emotion and waited.

It took 43 minutes, the same amount of time Raymond had suffered. When Genevese finally died, Bumpy stood up and walked out. It was done.

On March 15, 1954, Maria Lewis went into labor and gave birth to a healthy baby boy, eight pounds and perfect. The nurses asked what his name was. Maria looked at the baby and thought about Raymond, his sacrifice, and Bumpy's promise. She said, "His name is Raymond Johnson Lewis."

The nurse wrote it down and said it was a strong name. Maria agreed. He was named after two strong men: one who died protecting his family and one who avenged him.

On March 20, 1954, Bumpy visited Maria, met the baby, and held him. He said the baby looked like Quick and had his eyes. Maria agreed. Bumpy handed her another envelope. She asked what it was. He said it was a trust fund for both kids: college, business, whatever they needed. It was all there.

Maria said he did not have to. Bumpy said he did. He had made Raymond a promise, and this was part of it. She asked what the other part was. He said making sure they knew who their father was: a hero, a protector, a man who gave his life for what he believed in.

Maria cried and thanked him. Bumpy asked for what. She said for keeping his promise. He said it was the least he could do.

Years later, in 1975, Raymond Johnson Lewis graduated from Columbia University at the top of his class. At graduation, he gave a speech. He said his father died when he was born, giving his life to protect a friend. He never met him, but he knew who he was because Bumpy Johnson made sure he knew. Bumpy told him stories, showed him pictures, and taught him what it meant to be a man.

He said his father was Raymond "Quick" Lewis, a bodyguard, a protector, a hero, and he was going to spend his life living up to his legacy. The crowd applauded.

Bumpy, now 70, sat in the audience with tears streaming down his face. His wife sat beside him and said, "You kept your promise." Bumpy said he had to, for Quick. He saved his life, and Bumpy saved his family. That was what brothers did.